COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, v Paul David CREWS Research Paper

Essential Questions Free Essays

While the North veered toward a mechanical fate of effectiveness and innovation the Southern reliance on their cotton industry kept them at a halt. By 1877 earlier t o the trade off which finished Southern Reconstruction the Southern monetary framework was in a consistent decrease as improve for cotton gradually moved while the North’s interest for fabricated products proceeded with its consistent slope. Peopling: How did the development of mass relocation to the United States and the railroad an impact settlement designs in the urban communities in the west? The development of mass relocation to the United States caused gigantic populace n changes which would in general delayed as migrants subsided into huge towns and urban areas close or revolve red around the developing railways which guaranteed life and fortune to the imminent America Politics and Power: Why did the endeavors at bargain before the war neglect to forestall the perpetrate? Whatever degree and in what ways, did the Civil War and reproduction n change American political and social connections? The endeavors at bargain fizzled in light of the fact that no government official was ever ready to full y address the issues of bondage in a manner that would keep going forever. We will compose a custom paper test on Fundamental Questions or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In addition the way that no Southern geek was happy to surrender their lifestyle on account of a northerner who didn't know t he estimation of bondage. America in the World: How was the American clash over bondage part of bigger worldwide occasions? As the European forces developed and left servitude for industry America was the la SST of the forces to achieve a fix of bondage easing back the turn towards industry. With developing ball Zionist developments the perspectives on the world concentrated on subjection in the south. Condition and Geography: How did the finish of subjection and innovation and military improvements change nature and settlement designs in the so the and the west? Toward the finish of the common war with the finish of bondage and the acquaintance of milt beam rule with the south there was an enormous change in settlement as liberated slaves started ventures Eng all through the south to discover lost friends and family. Presentation of â€Å"modernized military strategies and different advances lowed the progression of populaces inside the American South. Thoughts, Beliefs, and Culture: How did the regulation of show predetermination influence banters over regional extension and the Mexican war? How did the Civil War battle shah pep Americans convictions about equity, majority rules system, and national predetermination? The tenet of Manifest Destiny caused a great deal of discussions concerning the privilege of American extensions in the west while every single other nation could no longer guarantee any of t he land. The aftereffects of the common war formed and upheld American confidence in the heavenly nature of their activities of spreading majority rule government from sea to sea. Instructions to refer to Essential Questions, Papers Basic Questions Free Essays Europeans even thought about the Americas, Native American clans were the primary occupants. These first occupants were a social order joined by family relationship and called Pale-Indians and they settled in the Americas somewhere in the range of twelve and fifteen thousand years back. Huge warm blooded creatures and a plenitude of plants attracted tracker gatherers to the Americas, which gave the food important to endurance. We will compose a custom exposition test on Basic Questions or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Horticulture grabs hold in a segment of the Americas between 1000 to 1200 AD, yet spreads further and all the more widely by 500 AD. Agribusiness in the Americas was very different than in Europe and different nations. In the Americas, yields, for example, corn, beans, and squash were developed and there were no creatures included. Mid fifteenth century, Europe was an interwoven of little realms and territories, and Europe started to venture Into Muslim nation and gained a longing to exchange merchandise with Asia, so they went about investigation of other than past structures and wound up In America, without knowing It. Not long after Columbus showed up, Spanish travelers took a premium and furthermore started to Lonnie, and continued to butcher enormous quantities of Indians in make easy money endeavor. Additionally evangelists checked out changing over the Indians to Christianity, which brought about mixed adaptations of Catholicism that exist today. Conquistadors, Spanish pilgrims under a man named Cortez, vanquished the Aztec and started Indian work framework. Due to the shortage of workers in the Americas, Portuguese and Spanish homesteaders sought Africa for dark slaves. Spanish colonization and abuse of Indians brought about the Pueblo rebel against the Spanish. Europe before long followed their pioneer Columbus to the Americas, bringing illnesses and debilitated pigs, this occasion Is currently called the Great Dying. The Indians started to oppose the intensity of the Spanish and before long existed together with them, receiving their societies and learning the Spanish language. Coming to America: Portrait of Colonial Life The New World, the Americas, turned into a magnet for every single ethnic gathering. Individuals wanted to go to the Americas that they would arrangement themselves with the goal that they could pay for their entry to the Americas. Journeys to the New World were ungenerous and numerous kicked the bucket on the journey, while the most youthful and most beneficial were sold on shipboard. In New England, family connections were of a lot of significance. A wedding service was made by the Puritans who additionally settled commitments that should have been satisfied by the male and female In every relationship. Separation likewise turned into a privilege If a mate defied the guidelines. The leader of the house was to have moral request and remedial request and enthusiastic steadiness. Men were relied upon to work in the fields and ladies went along with them during harvest time, however made cleansers, Step by step instructions to refer to Essential Questions, Papers

How Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) Treats PTSD

How Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) Treats PTSD PTSD Treatment Print Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Can Help PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Westend61 / Getty Images Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is being examined as another way to help people recover from  PTSD.??  VRET is a type of  exposure therapy  that has increasingly been used to treat a variety of anxiety disorders, including specific phobias???.  Before learning how VRET treats PTSD symptoms, however, its important to have a handle on what exposure therapy is. Exposure Therapy Exposure therapy  is considered to be a  behavioral treatment for PTSD. Exposure therapy targets behaviors that people engage in (most often  avoidance) in response to situations or thoughts and memories that are viewed as frightening or anxiety-provoking.?? For example, a rape survivor may begin to avoid relationships or going out on dates for fear that she will be attacked again. If not addressed, avoidance behavior can become more extreme and interfere with a persons quality of life. Avoidance can also make  PTSD symptoms  stick around longer or even become worse. Because people with anxiety and phobias often avoid certain situations, thoughts, and emotions, they dont have the opportunity to learn that these situations may not be quite as dangerous or threatening as they seem. Avoidance also interferes with people working through their thoughts, memories, and emotions. The goal of exposure therapy then is to help reduce a persons  fear and anxiety, with the ultimate goal of eliminating avoidance behavior and increasing quality of life. This is done by actively confronting the things that a person fears most. By confronting feared situations, thoughts, and emotions, a person can learn that anxiety and fear will lessen on their own.?? Find Help With the The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Now, for exposure therapy to be effective, it is very important that people confront a situation that closely maps onto what they fear most. However, this may not always be possible for a person with PTSD.?? For example, a veteran who developed PTSD as a result of combat exposure would not be able to confront a combat situation again. It would unsafe to do so. This is where virtual reality technology comes in. Rates of PTSD in Military Veterans Using Virtual Reality for Exposure In VRET, an individual is immersed in a computer-generated virtual environment, either through the use of a head-mounted display device or entry into a computer-automated room where images are present all around.?? This environment can be programmed to help the person directly confront feared situations or locations that may not be safe to encounter in real life. There is some evidence which shows that VRET may be useful for treating several different anxiety disorders and anxiety-related problems. Some examples include claustrophobia,  fear of driving,  acrophobia  (or a fear of heights), fear of flying,  arachnophobia  (or a fear of spiders), and  social anxiety.?? In addition, a couple of studies have been done that test how useful VRET may be for PTSD. VRET for PTSD has primarily been examined in  Vietnam War combat veterans. Therefore, the virtual environment in which a person is immersed has included imagery that a soldier may come into contact with during combat, such as helicopters and jungles. These studies found that, following VRET, soldiers experienced a reduction in their PTSD symptoms. Some studies have also examined whether VRET may be effective in reducing PTSD symptoms among soldiers from the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. Similar to what was found among Vietnam veterans, it  appears as though VRET can reduce PTSD symptoms  in such vets. Treatment Options for PTSD Finding a Therapist Who Uses VRET VRET is an expensive technology. So, not all clinicians currently use this procedure. Until VRET is more widely available, it is important to know that exposure therapy (without virtual reality) remains a very effective way of reducing PTSD symptoms, and there are many therapists who do exposure therapy.?? How to Find the Right Therapist

A Good Man Is Hard For Find And Everything That Rises Must...

Flannery O’Connor, undoubtedly one of the most well-read authors of the early 20th Century, had many strong themes deeply embedded within all her writings. Two of her most prominent and poignant themes were Christianity and racism. By analyzing, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge,† these two themes jump out at the reader. Growing up in the mid-1920’s in Georgia was a huge influence on O’Connor. Less than a decade before her birth, Georgia was much different than it was at her birth. Slaves labored tirelessly on their master’s plantations and were indeed a facet of everyday life. However, as the Civil War ended and Reconstruction began, slaves were not easily assimilated into Southern culture. Thus, O’Connor grew up in a highly racist area that mourned the fact that slaves were now to be treated as â€Å"equals.† In her everyday life in Georgia, O’Connor encountered countless ci tizens who were not shy in expressing their discontent toward the black race. This indeed was a guiding influence and inspiration in her fiction writing. The other guiding influence in her life that became a major theme in her writing was religion. Flannery O Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of a Catholic family. The region was part of the Christ-haunted Bible belt of the Southern States. The spiritual heritage of the region profoundly shaped O Connor s writing as described in her essay The Catholic Novelist in the Protestant South (1969). ManyShow MoreRelatedGood Man Is Hard And Find And Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor926 Words   |  4 PagesNightingale. The stories â€Å"Good Man Is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† both stories written by the author Flannery, O’Connor are stories that implies how the morality and immorality affects the social lives. The story â€Å"Good Man Is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor is a story that define what the word â€Å"Good† is, but everybody has a personal opinion of what’s good or not. In contrast, the other story by Flannery O’Connor â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† implies how the immoralityRead MoreParkers Back by Flannery OConnor1146 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance of Flannery O Connor s Parker s Back can seem at once cold and dispassionate, as well as almost absurdly stark and violent. Her short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work is message-oriented, yet she is far too brilliant a stylist to tip her hand; like all good writers, crass didacticism is abhorrent to her. Unlike some more cryptic writers, O Connor was happyRead MoreFlannery OConner and the use of grotesque character in Good country people and a good man is hard to find1226 W ords   |  5 Pagescentury writing (Holman 61). Almost all of O Connor s short stories usually end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. People have categorized O Connor s work as Southern Gothic (Walters 30). In Many of her short stories, A Good Man Is Hard To Find for example, Flannery O Connor creates grotesque characters to illustrate the evil in people. Written in 1953, A Good Man Is Hard To Find is one of O Connor s most known pieces of work and hasRead MoreFlannery OConnor Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesFlannery O’ Connor’s method of writing is extraordinary with the right amount of religion. She writes in a way in which the reader can easily comprehend. Nonetheless, let us first discuss her short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† in this particular piece of writing O’ Connor gives us a sense of irony and suspense throughout the reading. One can easily recall when the family was passing by the beautiful scenery of Georgia and the grandma had made a racist remark of a Negro child standing in frontRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Flannery O Connor s Good Country People 1787 Words   |  8 PagesA Critical Character Analysis of Flannery O Connor s â€Å"Good Country People†, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find†, Everything That Rises Must Converge. You can never forget the time you re living in because the past is the past and it will never come back. So to adjust your philosophy and creativity in fashion to the time you re living in is the most important thing. - Donatella Versace In each of Flannery O’Connor’s stories there is a very different perspectives in the stories also in theRead MoreFamily, By Flannery O Connor1803 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor named Flannery O’Connor. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. It was about a dysfunctional family who encounters a criminal named â€Å"The Misfit†. The grandmother which is the main character is very judgmental towards others and sometimes her own family at times. This story starts off with a disagreement on where to go for a family trip, but they decide on going to Florida for the family trip after a while of arguing. On this trip, it showed what type of family they are. They talk about everything with oneRead MoreSummary Of Things That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Conner2247 Words   |  9 PagesTyler Shumaker Eng 206 9am MWF November 25, 2014 Dr. Sykes â€Å"Flannery O’Conner† Human conflict is going to happen in the world no matter the situation. It is sought out to resolve these matters without tragic aftermath, but in some cases that cannot be so. Flannery O’Conner writes two short stories â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† using characterization, setting, and irony to show the racial and egotistic ways of the 1950s and 60s in the South. The theme of raceRead MoreReview Of O Conner 1350 Words   |  6 Pagesread multiple stories by Flannery O’Conner, there are many similar qualities in the works. O’Conner pays special attention to the realistic detail and finds the truth that lies beneath the surface of language and self image. She often uses violence that shocks the reader to uncover this truth. Although different in each work, she is able to incorporate a moment of grace in A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People, and Everything That Rises Must Converge. O Conn or consistently produced fictionRead MoreEffectiveness of Juvenile Incarceration1357 Words   |  6 Pages11/18/10 Research Paper â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† by Flannery O’Connor who is a Southern American novelist and short story writer, O’ Connor’s career expanded in the 1950sand early 60s, a time when the South was dominated by Protestant Christians.O’Connor was born and raised a Catholic. She was a fundamentalist and aChristian moralist whose powerful apocalyptic fiction is focused in the South.Flannery O’Connor was born March 25, 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. O’ Connorgrew up on a farm with herRead MoreA good man is hard to find2182 Words   |  9 PagesThe Use of Religion in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work shows Christian themes of good and evil, grace, and salvation. O’Connor has challenged the theme of religion into all of her works largely because of her Roman Catholic upbringing. O’Connor wrote in such a way that the characters and settings of her stories are unforgettable, revealing deep insights into the human existence. In O’Connor’s Introduction to a â€Å"Memoir of Mary

The Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports - 779 Words

For my supporting article I will be researching my topic on drug abuse in sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn t a right or wrong answer to why athletes feel the need to take performance enhancing drugs. However ones psychological state, genetic mishaps, or even performance pressures from the coaching staff, can lead an athlete to steroids. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones. Anabolic generally relates to muscle building while androgenic refers to increased masculine characteristics. Steroids are available legally, but under certain circumstances. They are legally available only by prescription from a doctor, to treat conditions that occur when the body produces unusually low amounts of testosterone, such as delayed puberty and some types of impotence. They are also prescribed by doctor to treat body wasting in patients with diseases such as AIDS that result in loss of lean muscle mass. Abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to serious or even fatal health problems. Steroids areShow MoreRelatedPerformance Drugs Should Not Be Legal1498 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance Drugs Should not be Legal The Center for Disease Control and Prevention did a survey on high schoolers grades 9th through 12th and found out the 4.4% to 5.7% of boys and that 1.9% to 3.8% of girls have used illegal steroids (Fernandez and Robert). High schoolers are not the only ones that take performance enhancing drugs, all sorts of athletes and even nonathletes take them. Taking performance enhancing drugs harms the human body in so many different ways like it harms the Hormonal SystemRead MoreShould Athletes Use Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 PagesRoy Shurn Jr English 12 Ms. Terry 11/20/14 PED users in sports Everyone wants to win and everyone loves a winner. Athletes are a competitive group and if you are good enough to get into professional sports, you can achieve fame and fortune would you cheat to accomplish? This is the question that many athletes have to answer? What do I mean by cheating? I mean the use of performance enhancing drugs. How many records were made and broken by athletes that used these enhancements. â€Å"AccordingRead MoreSteroids And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs1407 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids in Sports Introduction The debate over athletes using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs has always been a hot-button issue in the sports world. From major league athletes in baseball and football; to track stars and bicyclist in the Olympics, the use of steroids in sports has been a wide-range problem. Those who disagree with the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs say that the athletes who use them are breaking the rules and getting an unfair advantage overRead MoreCase Study : Mr. Big Of New Zealand 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesslurred speech and hard-to-follow thought processes) to spread a message before he dies. That message is: DO NOT ABUSE ENHANCMENT DRUGS AND STEROIDS. Justin’s primary method of achieving his size was to experiment with whatever enhancement drug he could get his hands on including steroids. He basically turned his body into his own scientific guinea pig experimenting with enhancement drugs of all kinds to find the quickest way to gain size and strength. Justin is only thirty-nine years old and probablyRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that â€Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.† The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, some of whichRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance enhancing drug abuse is a growing problem in adolescents and athletes. According to the Partnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs, with long-termRead More Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay examples1507 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports When involved in sports, you have to be competitive. You need to win more than anybody else. However, athletes are taking winning to the extreme. As the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular amongst athletes, many of them do not understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscles, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be aRead MoreHow Athletes Can Compete On A Level Playing Field1238 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish-111-26 6 December 2015 Doping in Sports â€Å"It s important that athletes can compete on a level playing field. And youngsters coming into the sport can know that if they are working hard and training hard, they ll see a true reflection of where they stand and what they can achieve worldwide and not be swayed by people who are cheating.† This was said by Paula Jane Radcliffe, English long-distance runner and Olympian. Cheating is and never has been a good thing. In sports there are many different formsRead MoreAnabolic Steroids: and the High School Athlete1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950s. Nowadays, athletes fromRead More Anabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950s. Nowadays, athletes from

Can Money Buy Happiness Free Essays

In our society, people often put great emphasis on materials and possessions. Many believe that having more money would make them happier in life; but does money really provide true happiness? Having the money to provide food, clothing, and shelter is essential for everyone’s well-being and happiness, but after those basic needs are fulfilled more money just offers materials not necessarily happiness. There are many ways I think money does buy happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Money Buy Happiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Money increases quality of life which in turn buys happiness. This is only true if one lives within his means, lives a modest life style and pursues happiness the right way. I think most people believe happiness is bought in a store. People overestimate how much pleasure they’ll get when they buy something luxurious. We really don’t need all these extravagant luxuries around us. Are they necessities to life? Are they just things to show your vanity? Or are they just trying to keep up with the Jones’s? In today’s materialistic world, the phrase that ‘money can’t buy happiness’ is tending to be proved hence otherwise. Social research and surveys have shown results based on an individuals income, health and the political scenario which is dominant in his or her region. It is quite obvious that the gap between the privileged and the not so is growing into a great divide giving rise to different class and status, thus defining ones social circle. It should therefore be understood how an individual’s economic status affects their personal happiness throughout all aspects of life. Many tend to refer to this age-old quote especially when they tend to belong to sector of people who can’t afford the modern day luxuries of life. What they do not realize is that money, might in fact do just that, buy happiness. On the other hand, those who have pockets as heavy as themselves think that money Is nothing but a burden and a complication in life, which is too networked to figure out. First of all, a comfortable life can be brought if we are rich. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see people complain about their low standard of living. The low educated groups always have to worry about their living. They may worry about losing their jobs as they always work as low skilled workers. Their jobs are not stable at all. They may not be able to cope with their daily lives, let alone being happy. Under such circumstances, money can buy happiness. If they have got more money, they no longer have to worry all the time. The idea of money buying happiness is interesting. Yes, most people feel they do need more money to be happy, but what is that â€Å"happiness† they are speaking of? If that idea means owning newer appliances than before, then money can buy you happiness. If that idea is going out to eat dinner more often, then money can buy you happiness. But, if happiness is truly living one’s life to the fullest, then money cannot buy happiness. People know that this idea of happiness is materialistic and shallow, and they are quick to point it out in others, but cannot see it in themselves. Money cannot buy happiness, unless happiness is measured by possessions. Happiness from money is very short lived. While the happiness of people who receive large sums of money might rise immediately after they receive that money, that happiness declines to only slightly above or equal to their level of happiness before the money came to them. Different people have different beliefs of what happiness really is. However, money is often the bane of happiness, as is evidenced that affluent societies are often considerably more unhappy than poorer (not necessarily poverty stricken) countries. This is a sign that too little, or too much money is not a good thing. A balance needs to be struck between earning money and more fulfilling activities. This is because happiness is not a state to be ‘achieved’ but a virtue, and all happiness is relative. Happiness is a virtue. Happiness cannot be ‘achieved’ or ‘attained’ through earning money. Money can be seen as the opposite of happiness. The rich often wield power, due to their wealth, which in turn corrupts their morals. How to cite Can Money Buy Happiness, Papers

Y2k; Millennium Bug Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL

Y2k; Millennium Bug The Millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent republic of Kiribati, a group of some thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean that straddle the equator and the International Date Line, halfway between Hawaii and Australia. This long awaited sunrise marks the dawn of the year 2000, and quite possibly, the onset of unheralded disruptions in life as we know it in many parts of the globe. Kiribati's 81,000 Micronesians may observe nothing different about this dawn; they only received TV in 1989. However, for those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephones, or TV, when the calendar clicks from '99 to '00, we will experience a true millennial shift. As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000, as the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer-dependent world in an entirely new way. We will finally see the extent of the networked and interdependent processes we have created. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the greatest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. I am describing the year 2000 problem, known as Y2K (K signifying 1000.) Nicknamed at first The Millennial Bug, increasing sensitivity to the magnitude of the impending crisis has escalated it to The Millennial Bomb. The problem begins as a simple technical error. Large mainframe computers more than ten years old were not programmed to handle a four digit year. Sitting here now, on the threshold of the year 2000, it seems incomprehensible that computer programmers and microchip designers didn't plan for it. But when these billions of lines of computer code were being written, computer memory was very expensive. Remember when a computer only had 16 kilobytes of RAM? To save storage space, most programmers allocated only two digits to a year. 1993 is ?93' in data files, 1917 is '17.' These two-digit dates exist on millions of files used as input to millions of applications. Programmers did whatever was required to get a product up and working; no one even thought about standards. The same thing happened in the production of microchips as recently as three years ago. Microprocessors and other integrated circuits are often just sophisticated calculators that count and do math. They count many things: fractions of seconds, days, inches, pounds, degrees, lumens, etc. Many chips that had a time function designed into them were only structured for this century. And when the date goes from '99 to '00 both they and the legacy software that has not been fixed will think it is still the 20th century -- not 2000, but 1900 Y2K Date calculations affect far more millions of systems than those that deal with inventories, interest rates, or insurance policies. Every major aspect of our modern infrastructure has systems and equipment that rely on such calculations to perform their functions. We are dependent on computerized systems that contain date functions to effectively manage defense, transportation, power generation, manufacturing, telecommunications, finance, government, education, healthcare, and more. The list is longer, but the picture is pretty clear. We have created a world whose efficient functioning in all but the poorest and remotest areas is dependent on computers. It doesn't matter whether you personally use a computer, or that most people around the world don't even have telephones. The world's economic and political infrastructures rely on computers. And not isolated computers. We have created dense networks of reliance around the globe. We are networked together for economic and politica l purposes. Whatever happens in one part of the network has an impact on other parts of the network. We have created not only a computer-dependent society, but, also an interdependent planet. We already have had frequent experiences with how fragile these systems are, how failure's cascade through a networked system. While each of these systems relies on millions of lines of code that detail the required processing, they handle their routines in serial fashion. Any next step depends on the preceding step. This serial nature makes systems, no matter their size, vulnerable to even the slightest problem anywhere in the system. In